A. PROJECT OVERVIEW

This project is supported by a grant of the Romanian National Authority for Scientific Research, CNDI– UEFISCDI, project number 55/ 2012.

uefiscdi

Project Director

Florea Dinu

Dept. of Steel Structures and Structural Mechanics

Ioan Curea 1, 300224 Timisoara, Romania

Phone: +40 256 403 927

Mail:

Abstract

The development of design guidelines for collapse control of the multi-story buildings started in 1968 with the collapse of the Ronan Point building due to a gas explosion. The failure of the building was identified as a "progressive collapse", because the extent of damage was disproportionate compared to the initial cause. Three decades later, in 2001, the attack against World Trade Center towers caused the complete failure of the two buildings and massive loss in lives and property. The type of collapse was again identified as progressive collapse. More recently, during the winter 2005/2006, several construction halls, shopping centers or hotels have been damaged or destroyed throughout Europe due to very heavy snowfalls. The concept of collapse control design can be considered the most appropriate approach for preventing the progressive collapse in case of extreme load events. In principle, the collapse control design method assesses and improves the redundancy of buildings by assuming the loss of structural members such as columns and beams due to extreme accidental loads and assessing how many members might be lost until the entire collapse of the building. The main objective of the project is the development of a performance based robustness design methodology for mitigation the progressive collapse of multi-story frame buildings against extreme load events, coming from both natural and man-made hazards. On this purpose, the research project will aim at definition, evaluation and modelling of the hazards, development of models for characterization of the material properties under different conditions, methods for structural evaluation and intervention strategies for mitigating the probability of collapse in case of extreme load events. All these subjects have a significant innovative character for actual state of knowledge and codification in Europe. As output, design criteria, numerical models, acceptance criteria.

Consortium

Coordinator (CO) – Politehnica University of Timisoara

Partner 1 (P1) - Technical University of Cluj-Napoca

Partner 2 (P2) - URBAN-INCERC (Cluj Branch)

Partner 3 (P3) - INSEMEX Petrosani

Partner 4 (P4) - SC ACI SA Cluj-Napoca

Objectives

The main objective of the project is the development of a performance based robustness design methodology for mitigation of progressive collapse of multi-story frame buildings against extreme load events coming from both natural and man-made hazards. The ability of the research team and each individual partner in conducting the research project and providing the anticipated outputs comes from the experience that has been gathered in previous work and their contribution to the state of the art. Partners involved in the project have brought many contributions to the relevant issues of the field. The outcome of their activity is reflected in scientific papers, national and international research projects and also dissemination of knowledge

B.ESTIMATED RESULTS

Phase Title Deliverable
Phase 1 Preliminary investigations A Summary Report on progressive collapse and main causes
Phase 2 Design of experimental and numerical program Technical drawings, shop drawings and materials specifications for specimens
Phase 3 Exp. Prog. on materials, welds details and macro-components Test results on materials and weld details Test results on macro-components
Phase 4 Experimental program on joints Test results on beam-to-column joints and acceptance criteria for flexural and catenary response Test results in blast environment
Phase 5 Experimental program on sub-assemblies Test results on sub-assembly specimens
Phase 6 Numerical program Numerical models on test results Efficiency of collapse control design
Phase 7 Design guidelines and recommendations Synthesis of the results Guidelines for the collapse control performance based design of multi-story frame buildings against accidental actions Recommendations for best practice

 

C. PARTNERS

The consortium involves five partners: four research institutions (two technical universities and two national institutes) and one major construction company.

Project Coordinator

Politehnica University of Timisoara
Tehnical University of Cluj Napoca
National Institute for Research and Development in Construction, Urban Planning and Sustainable Spatial Development "URBAN-INCERC"
The National Institute for Research and Development in Mine Safety and Protection to Explosion : INCD – INSEMEX
SC ACI CLUJ SA

 

D. PROJECT PROCESS

Phase no. Phase title Status
1 Preliminary investigations Completed
2 Design of experimental program and numerical program Completed
3 Experimental program on materials, weld details and macro-components Completed
4 Experimental program on joints Completed
5 Experimental program on sub-assemblies Completed
6 Numerical program Completed
7 Design guidelines and recommendations Completed

 

Phase: Preliminary investigations

Objectives

  • review of existing methods, structural concepts and analytical tools for evaluating the progressive collapse potential of new and existing buildings,
  • identification of gaps in knowledge
  • evaluation of effectiveness of collapse control based design for protection of building structures in case of accidental actions

Task 1-1: Review of existing methods, identification of research needs

The activity is devoted to a review of research on progressive collapse, related guidelines and recommendations as well as to the gaps in knowledge and research needs following the latest developments in the field. Case studies that can offer some insight into the problems of progressive collapse and lessons to be learned are also investigated. The benefits of seismic design philosophy on the integrity of the multi-storey structures will be identified.

Task 1-2: Preliminary analysis and selection of case study structures

In order to test realistic specimens, they are selected from representative multi-story frame structures, designed according to present code provision but without considering any accidental actions or loss of any element. Moment frames and braced frames are considered, with one way or two way behaviour, and with or without composite floors. Note that two-way structural framing systems have greater robustness than structures that are designed to span one way. The response can be improved also by using a two-way floor slabs, by adding supplementary ties or by allowing the gravity beams (along the simple spans) to develop the catenary behaviour.

Deliverable: A Summary Report: the report describes the present development in the field of progressive collapse and causes of abnormal loading, underlines the gaps and research needs. The main directions of the research are indicated.                (link doc 4.1)

 

 

 

Phase: Design of experimental and numerical program

Objectives

  • design of specimens for experimental program, based on case study structures: typology, materials, technology of execution, loading parameters, data acquisition, rigs and test set-up, supply of materials and specimens.
  • design of numerical program

Task 2-1: Design of specimens for experimental program

The experimental program consist of test on:

  • subassemblies of two-bay two-span frame structures
  • beam-to-column joints 
  • joint components – T-stubs with different configurations
  • welding details, different strain rates, ambient and elevated temperature
  • materials (steel, reinforcing, concrete)

The largest specimens are the sub-assembly structures and are two-bay two-span models. Their dimension is 12m x 12m x 2m. Therefore, due to the limitation in the testing capacity of the host institution, the subassemblies specimens are half-scaled to cover two-bay two-span configuration.  Similar tests are not available in the literature. Beam-to-column joints are tested under monotonic load beyond the flexural capacity to initiate the catenary behaviour. Similar tests have not been performed and are of great interest for column loss scenarios, where the verticals deflections can be large enough to develop the catenary tension. Connections must be capable of transferring catenary tension from beam to beam across the column. Different weld details are of concern, i.e. fillet welds, bevel butt welds. Strain rate from cvasi-static to dynamic range are of concern. Both the strength of steel and concrete increases significantly when the strain rate increases. The high strain rate might affect the ductility and failure mode of materials and welds.

There is a large amount of specimens to be produced and supplied for testing program, as follows:

  • Half-scale subassemblies of two-bay two-span configuration, steel and composite (steel-concrete) 
  • Full scale beam-to-column joints
  • Macro-components (T-stubs)
  • Small specimens: material specimens, weld details.

The supplier will be selected so as to assure a good quality of materials. In order to guarantee constant quality parameters, the fabrication of all steel specimens will be ordered to the same steelwork shop, with good expertise in the field. For the composite floors of the sub-assembly test, the concrete will be poured in the laboratory.

Task 2-2: Design of numerical program

The structures are designed to resist moderate and severe seismic actions. Different column loss scenarios are considered. Next figure shows the geometry of the reference frames. Sub-assembly and beam-to-column joint specimens will be selected from the reference structures and tested experimentally. The details are given in Phase 4 and Phase 5.

Deliverables: Technical drawings, shop drawings and materials sspecifications for specimens: design of subassembly and beam-to-column joints, design of macro-component (T-stub), weld details and material specimens (main geometric dimensions, size and type of cross sections, connections, quality of materials, weld details and base material specimens), fabrication drawings and list of materials), as well as the testing rigs and set-up in laboratory.

Picture36Picture37

        

 

Experimental program (Phase 3, 4 and 5)

- Task 3-1: Experimental test on base materials and weld details

The mechanical properties of materials and the performance of the welds are important for the capacity of structural members to resist extreme load events. Tensile test at room temperature and toughness test at room temperature (20° C) and elevated temperature (540° C), under cvasistatic (0.05 mm/sec) and dynamic loading (10mm/sec) are performed. Impact, blast and explosions ask for high toughness of base material and welds in those members and connection components where a ductile response is expected. The weld details are loaded under monotonic loading.

Weld detail

Weld

Transversal cruciform weld

Single bevel

Double bevel

Fillet

DSC_8235 DSC_8216 DSC_8235 DSC_8216

- Task 3-2: Experimental test on T-stub macro-components

The most important macro-components of bolted end plate beam-to-column connections are the T-stubs. The behaviour of such macro-components depends on the material characteristics, bolt arrangement and type of loading. The design of T-stubs for a ductile failure mode (see EN 1993-1-8) is based on a monotonic loading. The ductile failure mode can be altered in case of a dynamic loading (strain rate effect) or in case of fire (elevated temperature). In addition, the catenary action of beams can only develop if the connections have the capacity to sustain the tensile capacity of the beam. In order to evaluate the influence of parameters presented before, T-stubs are tested at room (20° C) and elevated temperature (540° C), under cvasistatic (0.05 mm/sec) and dynamic loading (10mm/sec).

T-stub

Deliverables: Test results

DSC_8216 DSC_8216 DSC_8216
 

Experimental program (Phase 4 and 5)

Experimental test on joint specimens

Pure beam-to-column steel joints are tested experimentally until the plastic rotation capacity is attained and further until the catenary action develops. Bolted and welded joints, full strength and partial strength are selected (80% of the beam capacity). The tests consist of pushing the middle column down until the failure of the specimen (push-down test) by means of hydraulic actuators. Numerical studies are in progress to evaluate the behaviour and key parameters (yielding, rotation capacity, ultimate capacity, total deformation capacity).

Testing in blast conditions

In this task, the blast effect on the beam-to-column components is investigated. The steel framing consists of a column and girder stud. Two types of girder stud to column connections, one rigid and one pinned are tested. The response modes and material behavior (fracture) is much different in a blast environment. Moreover, the stand-off distance is important and affects the behaviour. Therefore, different charges at different distances will be performed.

Experimental test on subassembly specimens

These tests simulate the response of an 3D assembly following a column loss. By using the membrane (catenary) effect of the floor structure or the bridging effect of the frame, the load of the lost column can be transferred to the adjacent members. The test specimens are half-scaled of a typical floor structure. The specimen is a two-bay two-span structure, with the size of 6.0x6.0x1.5m. Two solutions are tested: with and without concrete slab and two different scenarios are considered: middle column and corner column loss. The tests consist of pushing the column by imposing a vertical displacement with hydraulic actuators until the failure of the specimen (push-down test).

 

   

 

 

 

 

 

Phase 6 -Numerical program

Task 6-1: Calibration and validation of numerical models based on test results

The output of Phase 3, 4 and 5 serve as input for Phase 6. Models for materials and accidental actions, acceptance criteria and relevant limit states for different damage levels are used to calibrate the numerical models.  

 

 

 

 

Phase 7 - Design guidelines and recommendations

Objectives

  • To provide a synthesis of the results obtained in the project, with the relevant conclusions.
  • To provide general design guidelines to avoid progressive collapse in case of extreme events.
  • To provide general recommendations for multi-hazard mitigation

Task 7-1: Guidelines for the collapse control performance based design of multi-story frame buildings against accidental actions

Designers would benefit from a standardized procedure in order to ensure general structural integrity of multi-story frame buildings. The method can be used for design of new buildings and for the upgrading of the existing ones. A performance matrix for robustness base design will be also provided.

Task 7-2: Recommendations for best practice in selection of structural system, fabrication and material requirements for improving the robustness

Ensuring the structural integrity of new buildings may be provided by following prescriptive minimum requirements for design. This includes minimum requirements for connections, tie force resistance, continuity and ductility. This can be used for low level of consequence buildings (protection).

DSC_0159

DSC_0104

Research report 2012

Research report 2013

Research report 2014

Research report 2015

Research report 2016

E. PUBLICATIONS

Conference articles:

Experimental research on the behavior of steel moment frame connections under column loss scenario, Proceedings of the Eigth International Workshop on Connections in Steel Structures, 2016, Boston USA

T-stubs response to extreme loading. In The International Colloquium on Stability and Ductility of Steel Structures, SDSS2016, Timisoara, Romaia, 673-680, ISBN : 978-92-9147-133-1

Experimental evaluation of progressive collapse resistance of steel moment frame connections. In The International Colloquium on Stability and Ductility of Steel Structures, SDSS2016, Timisoara, Romaia, 681-690, ISBN : 978-92-9147-133-1

Experimental testing of 3d steel frame with composite beams under column loss. In The International Colloquium on Stability and Ductility of Steel Structures, SDSS2016, Timisoara, Romaia, 691-698, ISBN : 978-92-9147-133-1

Effects of close range blasts on steel frames. Experimental testing and numerical validation. In The International Colloquium on Stability and Ductility of Steel Structures, SDSS2016, Timisoara, Romaia, 699-708, ISBN : 978-92-9147-133-1

Numerical modeling of dynamic response of steel moment frames following sudden column loss. In The International Colloquium on Stability and Ductility of Steel Structures, SDSS2016, Timisoara, Romaia, 617-724, ISBN : 978-92-9147-133-1

Progressive collapse of multi-storey steel frame buildings: Developing catenary action. In The International Colloquium on Stability and Ductility of Steel Structures, SDSS2016, Timisoara, Romaia, 725-732, ISBN : 978-92-9147-133-1

Keynote paper - Stability and Robustness of Steel Storage Rack Systems, A 14-A CONFERINTA NATIONALA DE CONSTRUCTII METALICE 19-20 Noiembrie 2015, Cluj-Napoca, Romania, Ed. Mediamira, ISBN 978-973-713-334-2.

Încercări experimentale pe elemente T echivalente la temperatură ridicată, A 14-A CONFERINTA NATIONALA DE CONSTRUCTII METALICE 19-20 Noiembrie 2015, Cluj-Napoca, Romania, Ed. Mediamira, ISBN 978-973-713-334-2.

Contribuția planșeului la dezvoltarea căilor alternative de transfer la structuri în cadre metalice multietajate supuse la cedări locale, A 14-A CONFERINTA NATIONALA DE CONSTRUCTII METALICE 19-20 Noiembrie 2015, Cluj-Napoca, Romania, Ed. Mediamira, ISBN 978-973-713-334-2.

Îmbinări grinda-stâlp pentru structuri în cadre metalice cu rezistență ridicată la colaps progresiv, A 14-A CONFERINTA NATIONALA DE CONSTRUCTII METALICE 19-20 Noiembrie 2015, Cluj-Napoca, Romania, Ed. Mediamira, ISBN 978-973-713-334-2.

Efectele directe ale exploziilor asupra elementelor structurale ale cladirilor in cadre metalice multietajate, A 14-A CONFERINTA NATIONALA DE CONSTRUCTII METALICE 19-20 Noiembrie 2015, Cluj-Napoca, Romania, Ed. Mediamira, ISBN 978-973-713-334-2.

Proiectarea imbinarilor grinda-stalp ale structurilor in cadre metalice pentru prevenirea colapsului progresiv in cazul producerii unor actiuni accidentale, A XXV-a Conferinţă Naţională A.I.C.P.S, 21 – 22 mai 2015, Bucuresti.

Evaluarea comportarii structurilor pentru cladiri sub efectul exploziilor, A XXV-a Conferinţă Naţională A.I.C.P.S, 21 – 22 mai 2015, Bucuresti.

Experimental research on T-stubs under elevated temperatures Proceedings of the  International Conference 15 - 16 October 2015 Dubrovnik, Croatia.

Numerical modelling of beam-to-column connections under column loss scenarios, Computational Civil Engineering 2015, International Symposium, Iasi, Romania, May 22, 2015.

Experimental study of seismic resistant steel frames in case of column loss, Eighth International Conference on ADVANCES IN STEEL STRUCTURES, Lisbon, Portugal, July 22-24, 2015

Numerical simulation of pallet rack systems failure under seismic actions, 8th International Conference on Behavior of Steel Structures in Seismic Areas, Shanghai, China, July 1-3, 2015

Axial strength and deformation demands for t-stub connection components at catenary stage in the beams, 8th International Conference on Behavior of Steel Structures in Seismic Areas, Shanghai, China, July 1-3, 2015

Essential features of robustness design of multi-storey steel framed buildings, Napoli, Italy, ISBN 978-92-9147-121-8, 2014, 275, 276, 7th Europeean Conference on Steel and Composite Structures Eurosteel 2014

Experimental tests of steel beam-to-column joints under column loss scenarios, Napoli, Italy, ISBN 978-92-9147-121-8, 2014, 275, 276, 7th Europeean Conference on Steel and Composite Structures Eurosteel 2014

Numerical simulation of 3d assembly models under large deformation conditions, Napoli, Italy, ISBN 978-92-9147-121-8, 2014, 275, 276, 7th Europeean Conference on Steel and Composite Structures Eurosteel 2014

Experimental and numerical investigations of beam-to-column connections under column loss scenarios, Pecs, Ungaria, 21-22 octombrie 2014, 9th PhD & DLA Symposium

Numerical investigation of steel moment frame structures under the loss of a column, Pecs, Ungaria, 21-22 octombrie 2014, 9th PhD & DLA Symposium

Contributia efectului de membrana al planseului din b.a. asupra capacitatii de prevenire a colapsului progresiv in cazul structurilor metalice multietajate, București, Romania, 22-23 mai 2014, A XXIV-a CONFERINŢĂ NAŢIONALĂ A.I.C.P.S.

Robustness demands for structural joints of multistory steel building frames under elevated temperature – PROTECT2013-Fourth International Workshop on Performance, Protection and Strengthening of Structures under extreme loading, 26-27 August 2013, Mysore, India

Limit analysis fast methods for assessment of progressive collapsepotential in RC structures – PROTECT2013 - Fourth International Workshop on Performance, Protection and Strengthening of Structures under extreme loading, 26-27 August 2013, Mysore, India

Accuracy and Efficiency in Progressive Collapse Analysis: Real Structures vs. Successively Reduced Substructures – PROTECT2013 - Fourth International Workshop on Performance, Protection and Strengthening of Structures under extreme loading, 26-27 August 2013, Mysore, India

Effect of Connection Between Reinforced Concrete Slab and Steel Beams in Multi-story Frames Subjected to Different Column Loss Scenarios -RF2013 - 4th International Conference on INTEGRITY, RELIABILITY AND FAILURE, 23-27 June 2013, Funchal, Portugal

Collapse Prevention Design Criteria for Moment Connections in Multi-story Steel Frames under Extreme Actions -RF2013 - 4th International Conference on INTEGRITY, RELIABILITY AND FAILURE, 23-27 June 2013, Funchal, Portugal

Simularea inițierii fenomenului “catenary action“ în îmbinările riglă-stâlp în urma unor cedări accidentale a stâlpilor, a XIII-a ediții a “ZILELOR ACADEMICE TIMIȘENE”, Simpozionul CERCETĂRI  ACTUALE ÎN DOMENIUL CONSTRUCȚIILOR METALICE: SISTEME STRUCTURALE ȘI SOLUȚII INOVATIVE, 24 May 2013, Timișoara

Modelarea interacțiunii dintre grinzile din otel si planșeul din beton armat la structuri in cadre solicitate la acțiuni accidentale, a XIII-a ediții a “ZILELOR ACADEMICE TIMIȘENE”, Simpozionul CERCETĂRI  ACTUALE ÎN DOMENIUL CONSTRUCȚIILOR METALICE: SISTEME STRUCTURALE ȘI SOLUȚII INOVATIVE, 24 May 2013, Timișoara, Romania

Ultimate capacity of beam-to-column connections under bending and axial stresses, Italian conference on Steel Structure XXIV CTA, 30 sept.-2 oct. 2013, Torino, Italy

Concepţia structurală si proiectarea pe baza controlului mecanismului de cedare a structurilor multietajate supuse la acţiuni accidentale, a XIII-a Conferinţă Naţională de Construcţii Metalice, 21-22 noiembrie 2013, Bucureşti, Romania

Starea limită de robusteţe în proiectarea structurilor în cadre metalice, a XIII-a Conferinţă Naţională de Construcţii Metalice, 21-22 noiembrie 2013, Bucureşti, Romania

Robustness of Modified Special Hybrid RC Frames, Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on New Trends in Statics and Dynamics of Buildings, 3-4 oct. 2013, ISBN 978-80-227-4040-1, Bratislava, Slovakia, pp.175-178.

Modern end susetenable infrastructure for determining equivalent initiation capability for detonators, SESAM – 6 th Edition, 23-25 October 2013, Sibiu, Romania.

Journals:

Experimental testing and numerical analysis of 3D steel frame system under column loss, Engineering Structures, Volume 113, 15 April 2016, p 59-70, ISSN 0141-0296, (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2016.01.022)

Improving the structural robustness of multi-story steel-frame buildings, Structure and Infrastructure Engineering. Maintenance, Management, Life-Cycle Design and Performance, - Volume 11 (2015), Number 8, p. 1028-1041-(http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15732479.2014.927509)

Structural Connections of Steel Building Frames under Extreme Loading, Advanced Materials Research Vol 1111 (2015) pp 223-228, (doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.1111.223)

Comportarea îmbinărilor cadrelor metalice multietajate în urma cedăriI accidentale a unui stâlp, AICPS 3/2013

Modelarea interacţiunii dintre grinzile metalice şi planşeul din beton armat la structuri în cadre solicitate la acţiuni accidentale, AICPS 3/2013

Project presentation:

European Convention for Constructional Steelwork TC10 (Technical Committee for Structural Connections). 16-17 April 2015, Papendrecht (Netherlands)

First International Conference for PhD students in Civil Engineering, CE-PhD 2012, 4-7 November 2012, Cluj-Napoca, Romania

European Convention for Constructional Steelwork TC13 (Technical Committee for Seismic Design) meeting, 23 November 2012, Esch (Luxembourg)

Nordic Steel Conference, 5-7 September, Oslo, Norway

Master and PhD theses:

Robustness of moment steel frames under column loss scenarios

Ultimate deformation and resistance capacity of bolted T-stub connections under different loading conditions (http://www.ct.upt.ro/suscos/files/2015-2017/Ghazanfar%20Ali%20ANWAR_Dissertation.pdf) --- Dissertation developed in the framework of Sustainable Constructions under natural hazards and catastrophic events European Erasmus Mundus Master Course (http://steel.fsv.cvut.cz/suscos/index.htm )

Response of T-stub macro components under high speed loading caused by column loss

Membrane action of slabs in framed structures in case of accidental column loss (http://www.ct.upt.ro/suscos/files/2012-2014/Kovecsi_dissertation.pdf) --- Dissertation developed in the framework of Sustainable Constructions under natural hazards and catastrophic events European Erasmus Mundus Master Course (link http://steel.fsv.cvut.cz/suscos/index.htm )

Behaviour of beam-to-column joints under large vertical displacements following the loss of a column (link http://www.ct.upt.ro/suscos/files/2012-2014/Zdenek_dissertation.pdf ) --- Dissertation developed in the framework of Sustainable Constructions under natural hazards and catastrophic events European Erasmus Mundus Master Course (link http://steel.fsv.cvut.cz/suscos/index.htm )

Experimental tests on beam-to-column connections under column loss scenarios

Evaluarea rezistentei la colaps progresiv a structurilor in cadre multietajate proiectate la actiuni accidentale

Progressive collapse resistance of seismic resistant frames in case of column loss

Thematic Grant Research Proposals:

  • Project title: "COLLAPSE PREVENTION DESIGN OF STORAGE RACK STRUCTURES", RFCS-2014 proposal, partners: Universitatea Politehnica din Timisoara (RO), Universite de Liege (BE), National Technical University of Athens – NTUA (GR), Universita degli Studi di Trento (IT), Bureau d'Etudes Greisch Societe Interprofessionnelle d'Ingenieurs et d'Architecture (BE), SC Dexion Storage Solutions SRL (RO)
  • Project title: "Integrated approach for Collapse Control Design of Multistory Steel Structures under multi-hazard events", RFCS/FP7 proposal, partners: Imperial College (UK), University of Coimbra (Portugalia), University of Naples “Federico II” (Italia), Universitatea "Politehnica" din Timisoara, The Steel Construction Institute (UK), ARUP (UK), TATA Steel (UK).
  • Project title: "Performant explosive charge for the fast cutting of metal structure.", propunere Parteneriate-PCCA 2013, Coordinator: INCD INSEMEX Petroșani; Partners: ISIM Timișoara, CN ROMARM Filiala SC Uzina de Produse Speciale Dragomirești SRL

E. LINKS

UEFISCDI — Executive Agency for Higher Education, Research, Development and Innovation Funding

ESF — European science foundation

ECCS — European Convention for Constructional Steelwork

ArcelorMittal

WBDG - Whole Building Design Guide

FEMA — Federal Emergency Management Agency

NIST — National Institute of Standards and Technology

ELS – Extreme Loading for Structures

FRAMEBLAST- Experimental validation of the response of a full-scale frame building subjected to blast load